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We have specific materials that are suited for piezoelectricity applications, but how exactly does the process work? With the Piezoelectric Effect. The most unique trait of this effect is that it works two ways. You can apply mechanical energy or electrical energy to the same piezoelectric material and get an opposite result. Applying mechanical energy to a crystal is called a direct piezoelectric effect and works like this: A piezoelectric crystal is placed between two metal plates. At this point the material is in perfect balance and does not conduct an electric current. Mechanical pressure is then applied to the material by the metal plates, which forces the electric charges within the crystal out of balance. Excess negative and positive charges appear on opposite sides of the crystal face. The metal plate collects these charges, which can be used to produce a voltage and send an electrical current through a circuit. That’s it, a simple application of mechanical pressure, the squeezing of a crystal and suddenly you have an electric current. You can also do the opposite, applying an electrical signal to a material as an inverse piezoelectric effect. It works like this: In the same situation as the example above, we have a piezoelectric crystal placed between two metal plates. The crystal’s structure is in perfect balance. Electrical energy is then applied to the crystal, which shrinks and expands the crystal’s structure. As the crystal’s structure expands and contracts, it converts the received electrical energy and releases mechanical energy in the form of a sound wave. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in a variety of applications. Take a speaker for example, which applies a voltage to a piezoelectric ceramic, causing the material to vibrate the air as sound waves. The Discovery of Piezoelectricity Piezoelectricity was first discovered in 1880 by two brothers and French scientists, Jacques and Pierre Curie. While experimenting with a variety of crystals, they discovered that applying mechanical pressure to specific crystals like quartz released an electrical charge. They called this the piezoelectric effect. The next 30 years saw Piezoelectricity reserved largely for laboratory experiments and further refinement. It wasn’t until World War I when piezoelectricity was used for practical applications in sonar. Sonar works by connecting a voltage to a piezoelectric transmitter. This is the inverse piezoelectric effect in action, which converts electrical energy into mechanical sound waves. The sound waves travel through the water until they hit an object. They then return back to a source receiver. This receiver uses the direct piezoelectric effect to convert sound waves into an electrical voltage, which can then be processed by a signal processing device. Using the time between when the signal left and when it returned, an object’s distance can easily be calculated underwater. With sonar a success, piezoelectricity gained the eager eyes of the military. World War II advanced the technology even further as researchers from the United States, Russia, and Japan worked to craft new man-made piezoelectric materials called ferroelectrics. This research led to two man-made materials that are used alongside natural quartz crystal, barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. Piezoelectricity Today In today’s world of electronics piezoelectricity is used everywhere. Asking Google for directions to a new restaurant uses piezoelectricity in the microphone. There’s even a subway in Tokyo that uses the power of human footsteps to power piezoelectric structures in the ground. You’ll find piezoelectricity being used in these electronic applications: Actuators Actuators use piezoelectricity to power devices like knitting and braille machinery, video cameras, and smartphones. In this system, a metal plate and an actuator device sandwiches together a piezoelectric material. Voltage is then applied to the piezoelectric material, which expands and contracts it. This movement causes the actuator to move as well. Speakers & Buzzers Speakers use piezoelectricity to power devices like alarm clocks and other small mechanical devices that require high quality audio capabilities. These systems take advantage of the inverse piezoelectric effect by converting an audio voltage signal into mechanical energy as sound waves. Drivers Drivers convert a low voltage battery into a higher voltage which can then be used to drive a piezo device. This amplification process begins with an oscillator which outputs smaller sine waves. These sine waves are then amplified with a piezo amplifier. Sensors Sensors are used in a variety of applications such as microphones, amplified guitars, and medical imaging equipment. A piezoelectric microphone is used in these devices to detect pressure variations in sound waves, which can then be converted to an electrical signal for processing. Power One of the simplest applications for piezoelectricity is the electric cigarette lighter. Pressing the button of the lighter releases a spring-loaded hammer into a piezoelectric crystal. This produces an electrical current that crosses a spark gap to heat and ignite gas. This same piezoelectric power system is used in larger gas burners and oven ranges. Motors Piezoelectric crystals are perfect for applications that require precise accuracy, such as the movement of a motor. In these devices, the piezoelectric material receives an electric signal, which is then converted into mechanical energy to force a ceramic plate to move. Piezoelectricity and the Future What does the future hold for piezoelectricity? The possibilities abound. One popular idea that inventors are throwing around is using piezoelectricity for energy harvesting. Imagine having piezoelectric devices in your smartphone that could be activated from the simple movement of your body to keep them charged. Thinking a bit bigger, you could also embed a piezoelectric system underneath highway pavement that can be activated by the wheels of traveling cars. This energy could then be used light stoplights and other nearby devices. Couple that with a road filled with electric cars and you’d find yourself in net positive energy situation.  

What is an ultrasonic transducer? An ultrasonic transducer is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic transducer uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity. High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns. How Ultrasonic Transducer Work. Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above the range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse. The working principle of this module is simple. It sends an ultrasonic pulse out at 40kHz which travels through the air and if there is an obstacle or object, it will bounce back to the sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of sound, the distance can be calculated. Why use an Ultrasonic Transducer? Ultrasound is reliable in any lighting environment and can be used inside or outside. Ultrasonic sensors can handle collision avoidance for a robot, and being moved often, as long as it isn’t too fast. Ultrasonics are so widely used, they can be reliably implemented in grain bin sensing applications, water level sensing, drone applications and sensing cars at your local drive-thru restaurant or bank. Ultrasonic rangefinders are commonly used as devices to detect a collision. Ultrasonic Sensors are best used in the non-contact detection of: Presence Level Position Distance Non-contact sensors are also referred to as proximity sensors. Ultrasonics are Independent of: Light Smoke Dust Color Material (except for soft surfaces, i.e. wool, because the surface absorbs the ultrasonic sound wave and doesn’t reflect sound.) Long range detection of targets with varied surface properties. Ultrasonic sensors are superior to infrade sendors, because they aren’t affected by smoke or black materials, however, soft materials which don’t reflect the sonar (ultrasonic) waves very well may cause issues. It’s not a perfect system, but it’s good and reliable.

A.Theoretical Fundation Ultrasonic Height Meter is developed based on the reflection priciple.. While sending a pulse signal, the built-in timer of reciever is activated, and stopped when reciever pick up reflected signal. By calculating the wave lenght and the time sensor spend on picking up reflected signal, the distance between the senor and the object,in this case is the ground, is measured. Design Concept： The Ultrasonic Height Meter consists of two modules: the distance sensing module, and the data displaying module.Among them, the data displaying module includes thress parts: timer, screen,and data processor. The distance is measured by ultrasonic sensor. It translates the measured time interval betweent sending and recieving the signal into eletrical signal，which will be further picked up and transfered by A/D coverter. A screen will display the result. B.System Structure Ultrasonic Height Meter is a system control be microcontrollers ,and consist of ultrasound emission circuit and receiving circuit. The emission circuit is construted of circuit and the transducer located at the output port of emssion circuit. Ultrasond receiving circuit is consist of transducer,snubber circuit and a receiving intergrated circuit. Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor that is developed accroding to the properties of ultrasound. Using ultrasound as a measuring tool, it must have both wave emission and receiving, and a sensor is needed to accomplish this job. Ultrasonic sensor is made of piezoeletraic ceramic, which can both emits and recieves ultrasound. The core componet of ultrasonic sensor is the piezoelectric ceramic firm inside its metal or plastic case. The main parameters of its performance are working frequency, sensitivitym and working temperature. C.Ultrasound Emitter In order to reserch and use ultrasound, people have designed and produced a large variety of ultrasound emitters. They can be categorized into two types：electrical etimitting and mechanical emitting. The electrical way is the more commonly used.And the working principle of that can be found on wikipedia.